Cheng, M.-C., Kathare, P. K., Paik, I. & Huq, E. Phytochrome Signaling Networks. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 72, 217–244 (2021).
Igamberdiev, A. U., Eprintsev, A. T., Fedorin, D. N. & Popov, V. N. Phytochrome-mediated regulation of plant respiration and photorespiration. Plant, Cell Environ. 37, 290–299 (2014).
Li, J., Li, G., Wang, H. & Wang Deng, X. Phytochrome Signaling Mechanisms. The Arabidopsis. Book 9, e0148 (2011).
Seaton, D. D. et al. Dawn and photoperiod sensing by phytochrome A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115, 10523–10528 (2018).
Franklin, K. A. & Whitelam, G. C. Phytochromes and shade-avoidance responses in plants. Ann. Bot. 96, 169–175 (2005).
Ashdown, I. Phytochrome and PSS: ‘Think Beyond Pink’. (2016).
Sager, J. C., W. O. Smith, J. L. Edwards, and K. L. Photosynthetic Efficiency and Phytochrome Equilibria Determination Using Spectral Data. Transactions of the ASAE 31, (1988).
Jaeger, K. E. & Wigge, P. A. FT protein acts as a long-range signal in arabidopsis. Curr. Biol. 17, 1050–1054 (2007).
Hall, J., Bhattarai, S. P. & Midmore, D. J. Review of flowering control in industrial hemp. J. Nat. Fibers 9, 23–36 (2012).
Lisson, S. N., Mendham, N. J. & Carberry, P. S. Development of a hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) simulation model 2The flowering response of two hemp cultivars to photoperiod. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 40, 413 (2000).
Ishikawa, R., Shinomura, T., Takano, M. & Shimamoto, K. Phytochrome dependent quantitative control of Hd3a transcription is the basis of the night break effect in rice flowering. Genes Genet. Syst. 84, 179–184 (2009).
Kurtz, L. E., Brand, M. H. & Lubell-Brand, J. D. Gene dosage at the autoflowering locus effects flowering timing and plant height in triploid cannabis. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 148, 83–88 (2023).
Teotia, S. & Tang, G. To Bloom or not to bloom: Role of MICRORNAS in plant flowering. Mol. Plant 8, 359–377 (2015).
Shim, J. S., Kubota, A. & Imaizumi, T. Circadian clock and photoperiodic flowering in arabidopsis: CONSTANS is a hub for signal integration. Plant Physiol. 173, 5–15 (2017).
Mizoguchi, T. et al. Distinct roles of GIGANTEA in promoting flowering and regulating circadian rhythms in arabidopsis. Plant Cell 17, 2255–2270 (2005).
Duek, P. D. & Fankhauser, C. HFR1, a putative bHLH transcription factor, mediates both phytochrome A and cryptochrome signalling. Plant J. 34, 827–836 (2003).
King, R. W., Hisamatsu, T., Goldschmidt, E. E. & Blundell, C. The nature of floral signals in Arabidopsis I Photosynthesis and a far-red photoresponse independently regulate flowering by increasing expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). J. Exper. Botany 59, 3811–3820 (2008).
Wenkel, S. et al. CONSTANS and the CCAAT box binding complex share a functionally important domain and interact to regulate flowering of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 18, 2971–2984 (2006).
Leckie, K. M. et al. Loss of Daylength Sensitivity by Splice Site Mutation in Cannabis. https://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.10.532103 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.10.532103.
Murakami-Kojima, M., Nakamichi, N., Yamashino, T. & Mizuno, T. The APRR3 component of the clock-associated APRR1/TOC1 quintet is phosphorylated by a novel protein kinase belonging to the WNK family, the gene for which is also transcribed rhythmically in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 675–683 (2002).
Sun, C. et al. Bifunctional regulators of photoperiodic flowering in short day plant rice. Front. Plant Sci. 13, 1044790 (2022).
Yano, M. et al. Hd1, a major photoperiod sensitivity quantitative trait locus in rice, is closely related to the arabidopsis flowering time gene CONSTANS. Plant Cell 12, 2473–2483 (2000).
Copley, T. R., Duceppe, M.-O. & O’Donoughue, L. S. Identification of novel loci associated with maturity and yield traits in early maturity soybean plant introduction lines. BMC Genomics 19, 167 (2018).
Watanabe, S. et al. A map-based cloning strategy employing a residual heterozygous line reveals that the GIGANTEA gene is involved in soybean maturity and flowering. Genetics 188, 395–407 (2011).
Pan, G. et al. Genome-wide identification, expression, and sequence analysis of CONSTANS-like gene family in cannabis reveals a potential role in plant flowering time regulation. BMC Plant Biol 21, 142 (2021).
Dowling, C. A. et al. A FLOWERING LOCUS T Ortholog Is Associated with Photoperiod-Insensitive Flowering in Hemp ( Cannabis Sativa L.). https://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.21.537862 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.21.537862.
Steel, L., Welling, M., Ristevski, N., Johnson, K. & Gendall, A. Comparative genomics of flowering behavior in Cannabis sativa. Front. Plant Sci. 14, 1227898 (2023).
Spitzer-Rimon, B. et al. Non-photoperiodic transition of female cannabis seedlings from juvenile to adult reproductive stage. Plant Reprod 35, 265–277 (2022).
Chen, X. et al. Whole-genome resequencing of wild and cultivated cannabis reveals the genetic structure and adaptive selection of important traits. BMC Plant Biol 22, 371 (2022).
Spitzer-Rimon, B., Duchin, S., Bernstein, N. & Kamenetsky, R. Architecture and florogenesis in female cannabis sativa plants. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 350 (2019).
Das, A., Chaudhury, S., Kalita, M. C. & Mondal, T. K. In silico identification, characterization and expression analysis of miRNAs in Cannabis sativa L. Plant Gene 2, 17–24 (2015).
Wu, G. et al. The sequential action of miR156 and miR172 regulates developmental timing in arabidopsis. Cell 138, 750–759 (2009).
Aukerman, M. J. & Sakai, H. Regulation of flowering time and floral organ identity by a MicroRNA and Its APETALA2 -like target genes. Plant Cell 15, 2730–2741 (2003).
Xie, K., Wu, C. & Xiong, L. Genomic organization, differential expression, and interaction of SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like transcription factors and microRNA156 in rice. Plant Physiol. 142, 280–293 (2006).
Chen, X. A MicroRNA as a translational repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis flower development. Science 303, 2022–2025 (2004).
Park, W., Li, J., Song, R., Messing, J. & Chen, X. CARPEL FACTORY, a Dicer Homolog, and HEN1, a novel protein, act in microRNA metabolism in arabidopsis thaliana. Curr. Biol. 12, 1484–1495 (2002).
Hu, J. et al. Unravelling miRNA regulation in yield of rice (Oryza sativa) based on differential network model. Sci. Rep. 8, 8498 (2018).
McKernan, K. et al. Cryptocurrencies and Zero Mode Wave guides: An unclouded path to a more contiguous Cannabis sativa L. genome assembly. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/7d968 (2018).
Zhang, B., Wang, L., Zeng, L., Zhang, C. & Ma, H. Arabidopsis TOE proteins convey a photoperiodic signal to antagonize CONSTANS and regulate flowering time. Genes Dev. 29, 975–987 (2015).
Du, A. et al. The DTH8-Hd1 module mediates day-length-dependent regulation of rice flowering. Mol. Plant 10, 948–961 (2017).
Toth, J. A., Stack, G. M., Carlson, C. H. & Smart, L. B. Identification and mapping of major-effect flowering time loci Autoflower1 and Early1 in Cannabis sativa L. Front. Plant Sci. 13, 991680 (2022).
Xia, Z. et al. Positional cloning and characterization reveal the molecular basis for soybean maturity locus E1 that regulates photoperiodic flowering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117982109 (2012).
Pumplin, N. et al. DNA methylation influences the expression of DICER-LIKE4 Isoforms, which encode proteins of alternative localization and function. Plant Cell 28, 2786–2804 (2016).
Williams, C. R., Baccarella, A., Parrish, J. Z. & Kim, C. C. Trimming of sequence reads alters RNA-Seq gene expression estimates. BMC Bioinformatics 17, 103 (2016).
Patro, R., Duggal, G., Love, M. I., Irizarry, R. A. & Kingsford, C. Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression. Nat Methods 14, 417–419 (2017).
Love, M. I., Huber, W. & Anders, S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol 15, 550 (2014).
Zhu, A., Ibrahim, J. G. & Love, M. I. Heavy-tailed prior distributions for sequence count data: removing the noise and preserving large differences. Bioinformatics 35, 2084–2092 (2019).
Shimadzu Corporation. The Potency Determination of 15 Cannabinoids using the Cannabis Analyzer for Potency. (2020).
Deguchi, M. et al. Selection and validation of reference genes for normalization of qRT-PCR data to study the cannabinoid pathway genes in industrial hemp. PLoS ONE 16, e0260660 (2021).
